Already, at this time. Hereafter, in time to come. Again, a second time. Always, at all convenient times Twice, two times. ADVERBS OF PLACE. Adverbs of place will answer the question, where? whither ? Very, in a high degree. Much, in a great degree. Little, in a small degree. Exceedingly, to a very great degree. Excessively, in an extreme degree. ADVERBS OF REASON.* Why and wherefore, for what reason. Therefore, for that reason. 29. Add ly to an adjective, and it becomes an adverb, as, fine, finely. Adjectives ending with y, change y into i, and add ly; as, busy, busily. Adjectives ending with ble, change e into y; as, able, ably. Note. Some participles become adverbs by adding ly to them; as, taunting, tauntingly; deserved, deservedly. 30. Some " nouns become adjectives by adding ly‡ to them;" as, friend, friendly; man, manly; love, lovely. FORM OF PARSING. Well is an adverb of manner; it modifies the meaning of the verb reads. It means properly, or in a proper manner, and answers the question how? Closely is an adverb. Close is an adjective; add ly to an adjective, and it becomes an adverb. Manly is an adjective. Man is a noun; add ly to a noun, and it becomes an adjective. Examples.-Joseph reads well. Henry applies himself closely to his studies; his deportment is manly. Time flies swiftly. * The adverbs will be noticed more particularly in the recapitulation. J. H. Tooke says ly originally meant like. Where do you Whence did you sail? Whither are you bound? reside? When shall you visit Boston ? I shall go thither tomorrow. My brother will then meet me there. Samuel has already gone. Why do you now trouble me? A prudent man speaks cautiously. The governor received us cordially; he treated us kindly. We shall soon leave town. Go, earthly, here, hither, see, courtly, twice, heavenly, formerly, stopped, ever, monthly, godly, betimes, friendly, properly, once, thrice, rarely, yearly, never, seldom, often, frequently, certainly, daily, trimmed, purely, quarterly, princely, hereafter, neighborly, orderly, novelty. (d) Questions. What does adverb mean? Why so called? How does it modify the meaning of verbs? What do you call a word when added to a noun ? When added to a verb? Why is carefully an adverb? How are adverbs classed? What kinds of adverbs occur the most frequently? To what else are ad verbs frequently added beside verbs? What are adverbs used in asking questions called? What is when in the sentence, when did you see him?" Why are some adverbs resolved into other words? Resolve one or two adverbs. What is an adverb? Into what may adverbs be resolved? What will adverbs of manner answer? What are most adverbs ending with ly? Like what do you resolve most adverbs ending with ly? What will adverbs of time answer? Adverbs of place? Resolve one or two adverbs of degree? Of reason or cause? Add ly to an adjective, what does it become? How do adjectives ending with y become adverbs? Those ending with ble? How do some participles become adverbs? Add ly to a noun, what does it become? What did ly originally mean? What does to resolve mean? Novelty? Novel? The noun novel? LESSON IX. MORE ADVERBS. Remark. Words ending with prepositions are adverbs. The principal prepositions in use may be found in the next lesson. 31. To prefix means to place before. Prefixed means placed before. A noun with the letter a prefixed to it becomes an adverb. 32. "Words ending with fore, ward, wise, or ways, are adverbs." 33. The words forth, fain, quite, out, yes, yea, nay, not, too, needs, rather, perhaps,* as, very, almost, ago, stark, unawares, and together, are adverbs. Not is a negative adverb, or adverb of negation. gladly. Needs means necessarily. FORM OF PARSING. Fain means Excessively is an adverb; it modifies the meaning of the adjective warm. Ashore is an adverb. The noun shore, with the letter a prefixed to it, becomes an adverb. Thereby is an adverb. It can be remembered, because ends with the preposition by. d Novelty means newness. The adjective novel means now. The noun novel means something new. *Hap means chance; haps, chances; perhaps, by chances. † 598. Examples.-The weather is excessively warm. A vessel ran ashore a few days ago. James wrote too fast.* The winters of Greenland are intensely cold. I was agreeably surprised. I am now quite busily engaged. He must needs go through Samaria. Edwin recites very correctly. Our determinations should not incline us downward, but onward, forward, and upward. Agreeable, busy, busily, thereby, as, fourthly, away, mannerly, wherein, whereby, timely, anywhere, forth, hourly, backward, nightly, heretofore, amen, elegantly, apart, rather, ahead, therefrom, afoot, always, abed, fain, elsewhere, aside, otherwise, hitherto, wherefore, sideways, likewise, so, nowhere, aground, homeward, afloat, therefore, fifthly, perhaps, thus, whereon, somewhere, yes, forthwith, thirdly, extempore,t unawares, again,‡ how, hence, thence, everywhere, sometimes, conclusion Questions.-What are words ending with prepositions called? The meaning of to prefix? Prefixed? What does a noun with a prefixed to it become? What are words ending with fore, ward, wise, or ways? Repeat 33. How does ashore become an adverb? How can you remember that thereby is an adverb ? LESSON X. PREPOSITIONS.§ Explanations.-The word preposition is composed of the Latin word positio, which means place, and the Latin preposition prae, which means before. The preposition is so called because it is usually placed before the words which it governs. The words which prepositions govern are objects, or in the objective case. A knowledge of the prepositions will enable you to read correctly, Scholars very often put too much stress on them, especially in reading poetry. Most of the prepositions are printed in rhyme, that they may be more easily learned. Find the nouns, articles, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and prepositions. 34. "A preposition is a word used to express the relation between some other word in a sentence and the objective case which it governs." 35. Prepositions in Rhyme. Below, above, about, amidst; Within, without, between, betwixt; Before, behind, around, beyond; Beneath, beside, until, upon. For, towards, unto, after; To, from, over, under; With, by, into, during; Of, since, amid, amongst; ✦ Fast is an adverb, and means rapidly. An adverb. Pro. ěks-těm'po-rēē. Pro. ǎh-gĕn'. Prepositions always govern nouns or pronouns. Up, down, along, athwart; Till, underneath, throughout. Off, besides, among, respecting; are sometimes prepositions. FORM OF PARSING. (Repeat 34.) Your cane Before is a preposition and governs me. leans against the post in front of the house. The moon revolves The around the earth, and the earth revolves round the sun. most direct way from Salem to Boston is over the turnpike through Lynn. Thomas walked with James beyond the valleys behind the hills. Several vessels are now off the coast. William will wait for John at the place appointed until night. A fox ran across the road, athwart the field. A drain is underneath the house. I shall ride by moonlight till midnight. A boy dropped his hat into the water. Questions. Of what is the word preposition composed? The meaning of positio? Of ? prae Why is it so called? In what case are the words which prepositions govern? What benefit may be derived from a knowledge of prepositions? What do scholars often do in reading prepositions? What is a preposition? Repeat the prepositions in rhyme? Mention other words which are sometimes prepositions? What do prepositions always govern? LESSON XI. CONJUNCTION. When Explanations.--The word conjunction is compounded of the Latin word junctio, which means a joining,—and the Latin particle con, which means together; and means union, or joining together. It is used to join or unite either words or sentences. Four and five are nine. And means add. It adds or unites five to four, and is, therefore, a conjunction. It is usually called a copulative conjunction, on account of its being so much used to couple together words or sentences. Some conjunctions couple or connect sentences or members of sentences only. a sentence contains one subject, or nominative case, and one verb, it is called a simple sentence. When a sentence contains more than one nominative case, and more than one verb, it is called a compound sentence. Compound means made up of more parts than one. A Christian is happy, because he is good. Christian is happy,' is one simple sentence; and he is good,' is another. Both these simple sentences make one compound sentence, being coupled together by the word because, which is, therefore, a copulative conjunction; each of them contains only one nominative case and one verb. Finite means limited. A finite verb is a verb that has a nominative case; that is, is limited by number and person.' Because is compounded of be and cause, and means the cause is. 'A 36. A conjunction is a word used to connect sentences, members of a sentence, or single words 37. Conjunctions in Rhyme. "But, and, if, because; Both is a conjunction when followed by and. Than is a con junction of comparison. Either is a conjunction when followed by or, and neither when followed by nor. FORM OF PARSING. And is a conjunction; it connects or adds geography to gramA conjunction is a word used to connect sentences, mem mar. bers of a sentence, or single words. Examples.-Sarah studies grammar and geography. Both granite and gneiss* are composed of the same materials. Joseph went to Boston with his sister, but he returned without her. A difference exists between sienite and granite. In sienite, (a) hornblende takes the place of mica. I will go, if you will accompany me. Though he was frequently reproved, yet he did not reform. Henry is intelligent, because he has been industrious. You may either go or stay. Unless you hasten, you will not overtake him. That man can neither stand nor walk. tence? Questions. Of what is the word conjunction compounded? What does it mean? For what is it used? What does and mean? What two words are joined together by and? What kind of conjunction is and? Why? What do some conjunctions connect? What is a simple sentence? A compound senGive an example of each? The meaning of compound? What do both the simple sentences mentioned make? By what are they coupled together? How many verbs does each simple sentence contain? The meaning of finite? What is a finite verb? Of what is because compounded? What does it mean? What is a conjunction? Repeat the conjunctions in rhyme ? is both a conjunction? What kind of conjunction is than? When is either a conjunction? NEITHER? When LESSON XII. INTERJECTION. Explanations.-All the parts of speech in the English language have been explained except the interjection. The word interjection means thrown among. It is interspersed among other words to express sudden or strong emotions. In parsing, the pupil will only tell what parts of speech the interjections are, without regard to government. The exclamation point is generally used after an interjection An exclamation point is a perpendicu lar mark with a period under it. 33. "An Interjection is a word used to express emotion." 39. The principal interjections are O, oh, ah, hush, pshaw, poh, halloo, hoora, and alas. *Pro. neais. a Pro. sylen-ite. |