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sides. In this manner we marched the rest of the day, some in the road on the hills, and others abreast of them on the mountain, till we came to the villages, when eight surgeons were appointed, for there were many wounded.

Here they stayed three days, both on account of the wounded, and because they found plenty of provisions, as wheat-meal, wine, and a great quantity of barley for horses; all which was laid up for the satrap of the country. The fourth day they descended into the plain, where, when Tissaphernes had overtaken them with the army under his command, he taught them how necessary it was to encamp in the first village they came to, and to march no · longer fighting; for some being wounded, some employed in carrying those that were so, and others in carrying the arms of the latter, great numbers were not in a condition to fight. But when they were encamped, and the barbarians, coming up to the village, offered to skirmish, the Greeks had greatly the advantage of them; for they found a great difference between sallying from their camp to repulse the enemy, and being obliged to march fighting whenever they were attacked. When the evening approached, it was time for the barbarians to retire; because they never encamped at a less distance from the Greeks than sixty stadia, for fear these should fall on them in the night: a Persian army being then subject to great inconveniences; for their horses are tied, and generally shackled, to prevent them from

I have said surgeons instead of physicians, because both professions being anciently exercised by the same persons, they were chiefly employed as surgeons on this occasion. There are two verses in Homer, on Machaon's being wounded by Paris, which show both the great regard that was paid to the profession, and that surgery, as I said, was a branch of it.

running away; and if an alarm happens, a Persian has the housing to fix, his horse to bridle, and his corslet to put on, before he can mount. All these things cannot be done in the night without great difficulty, particularly if there is an alarm. For this reason they always encamped at a distance from the Greeks. When these perceived they designed to retire, and that the word was given, they, in the enemy's hearing, received orders to make ready to march; on which the barbarians made a halt; but when it grew late they departed; for they did not hold it expedient to march and arrive at their camp in the night.

When the Greeks plainly saw they were retired, they also decamped, and marching away, advanced about sixty stadia. The two armies were now at so great a distance from one another, that the enemy did not appear either the next day or the day after. But, on the fourth, the barbarians having got before the Greeks in the night, possessed themselves of an eminence that commanded the road through which the Greeks were to pass. It was the brow of a hill, under which lay the descent into the plain. As soon as Chirisophus saw this eminence possessed by the enemy, he sent for Xenophon from the rear, and desired him to bring up the targeteers to the front. Xenophon did not take these with him, for he saw Tissaphernes advancing with his whole army, but riding up to him himself, said, 'Why do you send for me?' Chirisophus answered, 'You see the enemy have possessed themselves of the hill that commands the descent, and unless we dislodge them, it is not possible for us to pass: but,' added he, 'why did you not bring the targeteers with you?' Xenophon replied, because he did not think proper to leave the rear naked, when the enemy was in sight: 'but,' says he,

'it is high time to consider how we shall dislodge those men.' Here Xenophon observing the top of the mountain that was above their own army, found there was a passage from that to the hill where the enemy was posted. On this he said, 'O Chirisophus! I think the best thing we can do is to gain the top of this mountain as soon as possible; for if we are once masters of that, the enemy cannot maintain themselves on the hill. Do you stay with the army; if you think fit, I will go up to the hill; or, do you go, if you desire it, and I will stay here.' Chirisophus answered, ‘I give you your choice:' to this Xenophon replied, that as he was the younger man, he chose to go; but desired he would send with him some troops from the front, since it would take a great deal of time to bring up a detachment from the rear. So Chirisophus sent the targeteers that were in the front: Xenophon also took those that were in the middle of the square. sides these, Chirisophus ordered the three hundred chosen men who attended on himself in the front of the square to follow him.

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After that they marched with all possible expedition. The enemy who were on the hill the moment they saw them climb the mountain advanced at the same time, striving to get there before them. On this occasion there was a vast shout raised both by the Greek army and that of Tissaphernes, each encouraging their own men. And Xenophon, riding by the side of his troops, called out to them, 'Soldiers, think you are this minute contending to return to Greece-this minute to see your wives and children: after this momentary labor we shall go on without any farther opposition.' To whom Soteridas, the Sicyonian, said, 'We are not on equal terms, O Xenophon! for you are on horseback, while I am greatly fatigued with carrying my shield.'

Xenophon hearing this, leaped from his horse, and thrust him out of his rank; then taking his shield, marched on as fast as he could. He happened to have a horseman's corslet on at that time, which was very troublesome. However, he called to those who were before to mend their pace, and to those behind, who followed with great difficulty, to come up. The rest of the soldiers beat and abused Soteridas, and threw stones at him, till they obliged him to take his shield and go on. Then Xenophon remounted, and led them on horseback as far as the way would allow; and when it became impassable for his horse he hastened forward on foot. At last they gained the top of the mountain, and prevented the enemy.

V. On this the barbarians turned their backs, and fled every one as he could, and the Greeks remained masters of the eminence. Tissaphernes and Ariæus, with their men, turning out of the road, went another way, while Chirisophus with his forces came down into the plain, and encamped in a village abounding in every thing. There were also many other villages in this plain, near the Tigris, full of all sorts of provisions. In the evening the enemy appeared on a sudden in the plain, and cut off some of the Greeks, who were dispersed in plundering; for many herds of cattle were taken as the people of the country were endeavoring to make them pass the river. Here Tissaphernes and his army attempted to set fire to the villages; whereby some of the Greeks were disheartened, from the apprehension of wanting provisions if he burned them. About this time Chirisophus and his men came back from relieving their companions, and Xenophon being come down into the plain, and riding through the ranks, after the Greeks were returned, said, 'You see

O Greeks! the enemy already acknowlege the country to be ours; for when they made peace with us, they stipulated that we should not burn the country belonging to the king, and now they set fire to it themselves, as if they looked on it no longer as their own. But wherever they leave any provisions for themselves, thither also they shall see us direct our march. But, O Chirisophus! I think we ought to attack these incendiaries, as in defence of our country.' Chirisophus answered, I am not of that opinion. On the contrary, let us set fire to it ourselves, and by that means they will give over the sooner.'

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When they came to their tents, the soldiers employed themselves in getting provisions, and the generals and captains assembled, and were in great perplexity; for on one side of them were exceeding high mountains, and on the other a river so deep, that when they sounded it with their pikes, the ends of them did not even appear above the water. While they were in this perplexity, a certain Rhodian came to them and said, Friends! 1 will undertake to carry over four thousand heavy-armed men at a time, if you will supply me with what I want, and give me a talent for my pains.' Being asked what he wanted; I shall want,' says he, ' two thousand leathern bags. I see here great numbers of sheep, goats, oxen, and asses: if these are flayed, and their skins blown, we may easily pass the river with them. I shall also want the girts belonging to the sumpter horses: with these,' added he, 'I will fasten the bags to one another, and hanging stones to them, let them down into the water instead of anchors, then tie up the bags at both ends, and when they are on the water, lay fascines on them and cover them with earth. I will make you presently sensible,' continued he,

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