a public sanction, that as attempts of this kind are to be expected, every man may be on his guard, and endeavor to pitch his tent on places of advantage and strength. But if you look on them rather as the actions of wild beasts than of men, consider how to put a stop to them: otherwise, how in the name of the gods shall we offer sacrifice with cheerfulness, if we are guilty of impiety? or how shall we fight with our enemies, if we kill one another? What city will receive us as friends, when they see us guilty of such enormities? Who will bring provisions to us with any confidence, if we are found to offend in things of so great moment? As to the applause which we promised ourselves with so much confidence, who will speak well of us if we dishonor ourselves by such actions? For I am well assured that we should condemn others were they guilty of them.'

On this they all rose up, and said the authors of these disorders should be punished; that it should be unlawful to begin such enormities for the future, and that those who were guilty of it, should be put to death. They then ordered that the generals should bring them all to their trial; where it should be inquired whether any person had received any other injury since the death of Cyrus; and appointed the captains to be the judges. At the same time, on Xenophon's motion, and the concurrence of the priests, it was resolved to purify the army. And the army was purified accordingly.

VIII. They farther decreed that the generals themselves should be called to an account for their past conduct; and on their trial Philesius and Xanthicles were condemned in a fine of twenty minæ, to the amount of which sum they had embezzled the effects that had been taken out of the ships, and committed to their charge. Sophænetus was fined ten minæ, for that

being chosen a commander, he had neglected his duty. Some accused Xenophon, complaining they had been beaten by him, and brought their accusation against him for abusing them. On this, Xenophon rising up, desired the first person who appeared against him to acquaint the judges where he had been beaten. He answered, where we were dying with cold, and there was abundance of snow.' Xenophon replied: 'If, during the storm you speak of, when we had no victuals, nor so much wine as would serve us to smell to: when many of us were spent with labor, and the enemy at our heels; if in that season I was abusive, I own myself more vicious than asses,' which, through viciousness, are said to be insensible of fatigue. However, say for what reason you were beaten. Did I demand any thing of you, and beat you because you refused it? Did I insist on your restoring any thing? Was it in struggling to subdue you to my passion, or when I was drunk, that I abused you?' And on his saying that it was nothing of all this, Xenophon asked him 'whether he belonged to the heavy-armed men?' He answered, 'No.' If to the targeteers?' • Neither,' said he but I was driving a mule, at the desire of my comrades, being a free man.' On this Xenophon called him to mind, and asked him, 'Are you not the man who carried a sick person?' The same,' said he; for you forced me to it, and threw about the baggage that belonged to my comrades.' But,' said Xenophon, 'in this manner I threw about their baggage; I distributed it to others to carry, with orders to return it to me; and having received every thing

Every body knows that asses and mules, their offspring, have such an inbred viciousness, that no fatigue can subdue it.

safe, I restored them to you, after you had shown me the man I gave you in charge.' But I desire,' said he, you will hear how this matter was, for it is well worth while.

'One of the men being unable to continue his march, was left behind. This man I knew no otherwise than that he belonged to the army; however, I obliged you to carry him, that he might not perish: for, as I remember, the enemy were at our heels.' This the other confessed. Then,' said Xenophon, after I had ordered you to go before, I quickly overtook you again, as I came up with the rear-guard, and found you digging a pit, with a design to bury the man; and stopping, I commended you: but the man drawing in his leg while we stood by, all who were present cried out that he was alive; and you said whatever you thought fit, as, 'I will not carry him.' On which I struck you, you say, and you say true; for you seemed to me to be sensible that the man was alive.' 'But,' said the other, ' did he die the less after I showed

him to you?' 'We must all die,' replied Xenophon,

'but are we for that reason to be buried alive?' At this they all cried out that he had not beaten him so much as he deserved. Then Xenophon desired the rest to inform the judges for what reason each of them had been beaten; but they not rising up, he spoke thus:

'I own, friends, that I have struck a great many of the men for not keeping their ranks. These ought to have been contented with being preserved by your means, while you marched in order, and fought where it was necessary; but instead of that, they wanted to leave their ranks, and run before you for plunder, that they might have the advantage over you. Had we all done the same we had all been destroyed. I own

also, that finding some overcome with sloth, unwilling to rise, and ready to abandon themselves to the enemy, I struck them, and forced them to march for being myself once obliged, when it was excessively cold, to stay for some of the men who were getting their baggage ready, and sitting for a considerable time, I found myself scarcely able to rise and stretch out my leg. Having therefore had the experience of this in myself, afterwards, when I saw any one sitting down, and indulging his sloth, I drove him before me; for motion and vigorous efforts created warmth and suppleness, while sitting down and rest, I observed, made the blood to congeal, and the toes to rot off; which you are sensible was the case of a great many. Others, who suffered themselves to be left behind through laziness, and by that means hindered you, who were in the van, and us, who were in the rear, from advancing, I might possibly strike with my fist, that they might not be struck by the spear of the enemy. These therefore who have been thus preserved may, if they have suffered any unjust treatment from me, now be relieved: whereas, had they fallen under the power of the enemy what relief could they have had, though their treatment had been ever so grievous? I speak to you in all simplicity. If I have punished any one for his own good, I am willing to submit to the same chastisement that parents receive from their children, and masters from their scholars. Physicians also use incisions and caustics for the good of their patients. If you imagine I did these things through insolence, consider with yourselves, that now, with the assistance of the gods, I entertain greater hopes and confidence than at that time, and drink more wine, yet strike no man; for I see you are now in a calm. But when a storm arises, and the sea runs high, do not you find

that the pilot, for a nod only, quarrels with those who are at the head of the ship, and the steersman with those at the stern? because, on those occasions, the least fault is enough to ruin every thing. You yourselves then determined that their chastisement was just; for you were present with arms in your hands, to assist them if you had thought proper, not with billets to give your votes in their behalf. However, in reality, you neither assisted them in escaping the punishment due to their irregularity, nor me in inflicting it. Thus by suffering their insolence, you have given a sanction to their remissness: for I am of opinion, if you observe, you will find that those who were then most remarkable for their neglect of duty, are now so for their insolence. An instance of this you see in Boïscus, the Thessalian boxer: he then contended, under pretence of sickness, not to carry his shield; and now, I am informed, he has stripped several of the inhabitants of Cotyora. If you are wise therefore your treatment of this man will be the reverse of that bestowed on dogs; for these when they are cursed, are tied up in the day-time, and let loose in the night; whereas, if you do well, you will tie him up in the night, and let him loose in the day. I own I am surprised to find, that if I have given offence to any of you, you call it to mind, and publish it; but if I have defended any from the cold, or from the enemy, or relieved them when they were sick, or in want, these things are remembered by none of you: if I have commended any for a proper behavior, or honored brave men to the utmost of my power, these things also are not remembered. Yet it is certain there is more honesty, justice, piety, and pleasure in remembering good than ill offices.'

XEN.

VOL. I.

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