ten thousand daricks. Having received this money, he did not give himself up to indolence, but, raising an army with it, made war on the Thracians; and overcoming them in battle, plundered their country, and continued the war till Cyrus had occasion for his army, when he departed, with a design of attending him in his expedition.

These therefore seem to be the actions of a man delighting in war, who, when it is in his power to live in peace without detriment or dishonor, prefers war; when we live in ease, chooses labor, with a view to war; and when to enjoy riches without danger, chooses rather, by making war, to diminish them: so that he spent his money in war as cheerfully as if it had been in gallantry, or any other pleasure; so much he delighted in it. His genius for war appeared by his forwardness to expose himself, and to attack the enemy either by night or day, and by his conduct in danger; as those who attended him on all occasions universally acknowleged. He was said to have possessed the art of commanding, as far as could be expected from a man of his temper; for, being as capable as any other of taking care his army was supplied with provisions, and of providing them, he was not less so of inspiring those who were present with a dread of disobeying him. This he effected by severity; for his look was stern, and his voice harsh: he always punished with rigor, and frequently in passion; so that he sometimes repented it. But he also inflicted punishments with deliberation, looking on an army without discipline to be of no service. He is reported to have said that a soldier ought to fear his commander more than the enemy, if it is expected that he should do his duty on guard, abstain from what belongs to a friend, or attack the enemy without reluctance. In dangers

the men obeyed him absolutely, nor ever desired to be commanded by any other; for they said his sternness seemed then changed to cheerfulness, and his severity to resolution; so that they looked on it no longer as severity, but as their preservation. However, when the danger was over, and they had an opportunity of serving under other commanders, many of them left him; for he was not in the least gracious, but always rough and cruel: so that the soldiers were in the same disposition to him as scholars to their master; none ever following him out of friendship or good-will. Those who were appointed by his country, or compelled through want, or any other necessity, to serve under him, were perfectly obedient to him. And when they began to conquer under his command, many things concurred to make them good soldiers; for their confidence in their own strength, joined to their fear of him, made them observant. This was his character as a commander: but it was said that he was unwilling to be commanded by others. When he died he was about fifty years of age.

Proxenus the Boeotian, even from a child, was desirous of becoming equal to great employments; and, to satisfy this desire, gave a sum of money to Gorgias

1

This Gorgias was a celebrated master of eloquence. He so far surpassed all the rest of his profession, that Diodorus Siculus tells us he received no less from his scholars than one hundred minæ, that is, 322l. 18s. 4d. sterling. This Gorgias, it seems, was at the head of the embassy which the Leontines sent to Athens, the second year of the eightyeighth olympiad, to desire their assistance against the Syracusans. In the first audience he had of the Athenians his eloquence, or rather the novelty of it, so enchanted that people, who were great admirers of both, that they were unfortunately prevailed on to engage in the Sicilian war, the event of which gave them so fatal a blow, they could never recover it. Diodorus Siculus says also, that he was the inventor of

the Leontine. After he had been some time with him, thinking himself now both able to command, and, if he entered into the friendship of great men, to return all obligations, he engaged in this enterprise with Cyrus, whence he promised to himself great reputation, great power, and great riches. Though he was earnest in the pursuit of these, yet, on the other hand, his conduct plainly showed that he did not desire to gain any of them through injustice; but that he ought to attain them with justice and honor, and not otherwise. He was very capable of commanding an orderly and welldisciplined army; but incapable of inspiring respect or fear, and stood in greater awe of his men than they of him; it being visible that he was more afraid of disobliging them than they of disobeying him. It was his opinion that all which was required to be, and seen to be equal to the command, was to praise worthy men, and not to praise the unworthy; for which reason he was beloved by men of worth and honor, while bad men were for ever forming designs against him, as against a man easy to be circumvented. He was about thirty years old when he died.

Menon the Thessalian did not either conceal his immoderate desire of riches, or his desire of commanding, in order to increase them; or of being esteemed for the same reason. He desired to be well with those in power, that his injustice might escape punishment. He thought the shortest way to accomplish his designs were perjury, falsehood, and deceit; and that simplicity and truth were weaknesses. He was observed

the art of rhetoric, and the first who made use of studied figures and labored antitheses of equal length, and the same termination. This manner of speaking, the same author says, pleased at first from its novelty, but was afterwards looked on as affected, and, if frequently practised, ridiculous.

to have no affection for any man; and where he professed a friendship, it was visible he designed to betray. He never spoke with contempt of an enemy, but was ever turning all those he conversed with into ridicule. He never formed any design against the possessions of an enemy, for he thought it difficult to rob those who were on their guard, but looked on himself as the only person that was sensible how very easy it is to seize the unguarded possessions of a friend. He stood in fear of those whom he observed to be guilty of perjury and injustice, as of men well armed; but practised on persons of piety and truth as on those who are defenceless. And as others value themselves on religion, veracity, and justice, so Menon valued himself on being able to deceive, to invent falsehoods, and abuse his friends; and looked on those as ignorant who were without guile. When he endeavored to gain the first place in any man's friendship, he thought the most effectual way of recommending himself was by slandering those who were in possession of it. He sought to make himself obeyed by the soldiers by becoming an accomplice in their crimes; and aimed at being esteemed and courted, by showing that he had both the power and the will to commit great injustice. If any one forsook him, he spoke of it as a favor, that while he made use of his service he did not destroy him. Whatever is not publicly known in this man's character may seem to be feigned, but the following particulars all the world is acquainted with. While he was in the flower of his youth he obtained the command of the mercenaries in the service of Aristippus. When the rest of the generals suffered for having made war against the king with Cyrus, he, though equally guilty, did not lose his life; but was afterwards pu

nished with death by the king, not like Clearchus and the rest of the generals, by losing his head, which was looked on as the most honorable death, but, as it is said, after he had been tortured a whole year like a malefactor.

Agias the Arcadian, and Socrates the Achaian, were both put to death at the same time: these were without reproach both in war and friendship. then about forty years of age.

They were

BOOK III.

CHAP. I. IN the foregoing discourse we have related the actions of the Greeks, during the expedition of Cyrus, to the battle, and what happened after his death when the Greeks marched away with Tissaphernes on the peace. After the generals were apprehended, and the captains and soldiers who accompanied them pu to death, the Greeks were in great distress; knowing they were not far from the king's palace, surrounded on all sides with many nations and many cities, al their enemies, that no one would any longer supply them with provisions; that they were distant from Greece above ten thousand stadia, without a guide to conduct them, and their road thither intercepted by impassable rivers; that even those barbarians who had served under Cyrus had betrayed them; and that they were now left alone without any horse to assist them.