and he shows them first what their hopes may be of certain victory; then he refutes all doubt, which may still possess their minds; lastly, he points out to them what they are first to do, and excites the leaders to diligence, the soldiers to modesty and obedience-His speech is applauded, and he proceeds to lay down his plan for the conduct of the army, by the appointment of commanders to the several corps. III. At the moment of their departure the Greeks are visited by Mithridates as a friend-He incurs their suspicions, and having been several times deceived by the Persians, they decree that as long as they shall remain in the enemy's territory, they will enter into no negotiations for peace or truce with the Persian king-On their passage of the river Zabatus, they are so harassed by Mithridates, that Xenophon is made sensible of the great want the army had of slingers and horsemen-By his advice these two services are established.

IV. On the following day Mithridates again pursues the Greeks, and is easily repulsed-They arrive at the river Tigris-Here Tissaphernes himself attacks them with an immense force; but to no effect-To march more securely, the Greeks adopt a change in the disposition of their army, as occasioned by the close pursuit of the enemy-In this way, after a four days' march, they arrive on the fifth at a part of the road obstructed by hills, in crossing over which they are grievously harassed by the enemy, until they take up their quarters in some villages-Setting out thence on the fourth day, they are compelled by the assaults of the enemy to throw themselves into another village, from which marching forth at nightfall, after the enemy had retired to quarters, they perform so long a route in advance, that it is only on the fourth day the enemy overtakes them -Having occupied a hill, under which was the narrow descent into the plain, the barbarians are thence dislodged by Xenophon.

V. As soon as the Greeks have descended into the plain the barbarians again make their appearance, and having killed some of the Greeks who were out on pillage, they begin to set fire to the villages-Inclosed between the Tigris and the Carduchian mountains, the Greeks consult on the plan of their march-They reject the plan of the Rhodian, who

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offers to pass them over on a bridge of leathern bottles, an marching some distance backwards the next day, the make diligent inquiry of the prisoners concerning the na ture of the surrounding countries-They determine to tak their route through the mountains of the Carduchi.

BOOK IV.

CHAP. I. The Greeks enter the territory of the Carduchi be fore day-break-On the first and second day they are ha rassed by enemies; on the third also by tempestuous wea ther; and arriving towards evening at a steep pass tho roughly beset by the barbarians, they question two cap tives, acquainted with the country, whether there was any other road-One of them affecting ignorance, they cut to pieces before the eyes of his companion, who, fearing the same fate, promises to lead them by a circuitous and more convenient path.

II. Under his guidance two thousand chosen men are sent at nightfall to occupy the heights-These, at break of day, overpower the barbarians, and put them to flight, and enable the rest of the Greeks with Chirisophus to ascend in safety-Xenophon follows with the baggage by the circuitous route; but has to fight his way with some slaughter-The next day the Greeks march over the mountains with great difficulty, and, closely pursued by the enemy, at length descend into the plain on the banks of the river Centrites.

III. Here they halt in some villages, and looking round them after a sweet repose from a harassing march of seven days, find themselves beset with new difficulties-Three obsta cles oppose their passage of the river; the force and depth of the current, the multitude of barbarians posted on the opposite bank, and the weapons of the Carduchians in the rear-But by Xenophon's dream, the army, as it were, freed from impediments, crosses by a ford, and the skilful management of Xenophon crowns the stratagem with complete success.

IV. Entering the province of Armenia, and having passed the fountains of the river Tigris, they arrive at the Teleboas, in Western Armenia-Here, at his request, they make a truce with Terebazus, the satrap; but are, notwithstanding, pursued and waylaid by his numerous forces.

V. Leaving the villages, they are compelled to encamp in the open air, and suffer great hardships from the snow-For some days they are near perishing by the excessive cold, the depth of the snow, and the necessity of marching without food, to escape the pursuit of the enemy-At length they come to villages replete with provisions of all kinds, and there live sumptuously, and amuse themselves for seven days.

VI. Setting out thence with a guide, they lose him on the third day, by the fault of Chirisophus; and wandering without guidance, they arrive on the seventh day at the river Phasis-After two days' march they approach the mountains, which are occupied by the Chalybes, Taochi, and Phasiani.

VII. Advancing through the possessions of the Taochi, they storm a fort, and take a great number of cattle, on which alone they subsist during their march through the territory of the Chalybes, a fierce and valiant nation-Having passed the river Harpasus, they journey through the country of the Scythini, and on the fifth day procure a quantity of provisions-The fortune of the Greeks now assumes a more cheerful aspect-Leaving the country of the Scythini, they reach Gymnias, a large and plentiful town, and from the governor of that district, who was at war with the neighboring people, through whom their road lay, they receive a voluntary offer of a guide, who, as he promised, brings them on the fifth day to the Mountain Theches, whence, to their unspeakable joy, they behold the sea-With exulting shouts they exclaim, 'The sea! the sea!' and throwing together a huge heap of stones as a trophy, they crown it with offerings to the gods-The guide takes his leave, laden with valuable presents.

VIII. Having made a treaty of amity with the Macrones, they traverse their territory in six days, and ascend the mountains of the Colchians, whom they find drawn up in battle array on the plateau-Routing them after a close engagement, they descend to well-stocked villages in the plainHence in two days they arrive at the sea-side, and enter Trapezus, a Grecian city-For a whole month they pass their time in plundering the territory of the Colchians, paying their vows to the gods by solemn sacrifices, and celebrating festive games and entertainments.

BOOK V.

CHAP. I. The Greeks, having decided on the prosecution their journey by sea, send Chirisophus to obtain shipsthe mean time Xenophon takes prudent measures for the other concerns, and provides both that they shall ha sufficient ships for a sea voyage, and, should their journ by land be continued, that they shall find the roads du prepared for their march-Dexippus, a Lacedæmonian, sent to bring in coasting vessels, but sails off with h galley-Polycrates, an Athenian, succeeds to the duty, a performs it faithfully.

II. Led by the Trapezuntians to collect provisions, one ha of the forces marches out against the Driles, a most wa like nation, who had shut themselves up in a fortifie town of great strength-The Greeks attack it, and, aft great hazards and difficulties, they obtain success, and re turn the following day in safety to the camp.

III. Unable any longer, through scarcity of provisions, t wait for the return of Chirisophus, they ship their in valids, and march themselves along the coast to Cerasu -Here they review the army-A division is made of the money arising from the sale of the captives, and a tent part of it, which had been vowed to Apollo and Diana, i distributed by the generals among themselves-Xenopho shows how at a future time he piously employed his shar in the service of Diana, by building her a temple, &c. IV. Arrived on the confines of the Mosynœci, who, trust ing to their strongholds, dare to prohibit their advance the Greeks form a treaty of alliance with another nation of Mosynœci against their common enemy-These allies with whom some of the Greeks, for the sake of plun der, had imprudently and without authority united them selves, are repulsed with great slaughter in their first attack. The next day, having encouraged the minds of his soldiers, Xenophon himself leads them on, with their barbarian allies, in due order against the enemy, whom he vanquishes and disperses. Two forts are burnt with their garrisons and inhabitants, the capital city is plundered, and some other places are either taken by storm, or are admitted to surrender. The excessive barbarity of the Mosynecian manners is described.

V. Traversing the territory of the Chalybeans they arrive at the frontiers of the Tibareni, with whom they enter into a treaty, and in two days afterwards reach the city of Cotyora. Here they tarry five-and-forty days, supplying themselves by plundering provisions, partly from the neighboring Paphlagonia, partly from the territory of the Cotyorians themselves. To the ambassador of the Sinopians, rashly complaining of injuries done to the Cotyorians, and foolishly threatening the Greeks, Xenophon retorts a grave and bold answer, and recalls the deputation to a better understanding.

VI. By the advice of Hecatonymus, the ambassador from Sinope, it is resolved to prosecute their journey by sea; but the Greeks adhere to this resolution in so far only as the Sinopians shall send them sufficient ships for the whole Grecian army to embark-Xenophon's design of building a city in the Pontus is frustrated by the calumny of Silanus the soothsayer-Others also, by means of the centurions, are desirous of persuading the army to settle on that coast. VII. Xenophon, being reported as the author of the abovementioned design, is induced to defend himself in an eloquent speech; in the course of which he gives a circumstantial account of the cruel and nefarious conduct of certain Greeks-An inquiry into the affair, and the punishment of the malefactors, are unanimously decreed by the council. VIII. The generals in command, by the same decree, being subjected to an investigation of their conduct, Xenophon is arraigned by some of the privates for violence and blowsHe confesses that he had sometimes dealt disciplinary blows among them, but maintains that they were bestowed without tyranny or injustice; and by solid argument and detail of facts, removes all ground of accusation.

BOOK VI.

CHAP. I. The ambassadors of the Paphlagonians, sent to negotiate a peace, are treated by the Greeks with a sumptuous banquet, and are led to admiration of them by dances in arms-Peace being concluded the next day, the Greeks set sail from Cotyora, and after a prosperous voyage land at Harmene, a port near Sinope-Here they remain five days, and, weary of indecision, offer the command of the whole army to Xenophon's sole acceptance-He prudently