CLAN (Erse, a tribe or family), among sessed, also, a competent knowledge of the Highlanders of Scotland, consisted of Greek, Latin and Hebrew. He prosecutthe common descendants of the same ed his ecclesiastical labors at Windham, progenitor, under the patriarchal control Connecticut, from 1726 to 1739, when he of a chief, who represented the common succeeded the reverend Elisha Williams ancestor. The name of the clan was in the presidency of Yale college. He formed of that of the original progenitor was an impressive and powerful preacher, with the affix mac (son): thus the Mac- and a man of exemplary piety and singuDonalds were the sons of Donald, and lar industry. His religious sentiments every individual of this name was consid- were in accordance with the Calvinism ered a descendant of the founder of the of the Westminster assembly. He conclan, and a brother of every one of its structed the first orrery or planetarium members. The chief exercised his au- made in America, and published a History thority by right of primogeniture, as the of Yale College, a Brief History and Vinfather of his clan: the clansmen revered dication of the Doctrines received and and served the chief with the blind devo- established in the Churches of New Engtion of children. The appellation of the land, two Sermons, and Conjectures upon chiefs had, generally, a reference to the the Nature and Motion of Meteors which history of their ancestors, and denoted are above the Atmosphere. He had prelittle more than that they were the de- pared also materials for a history of Conscendants of the first father of the clan; necticut, but his manuscripts were carried thus the chief of the Macdonnells was off in the expedition against New Haven Mac Allister More (the son of the great under general Tryon. He died on the 7th Allister). They were distinguished from of January, 1767, in the 64th year of his the rest of the clan by a feather in their age, having resigned his station as presibonnets. Each clan was divided into two dent the year previous. orders, the tenants or taksmen, the near CLAPPERTON, captain Hugh, the Afrirelations of the chief, to whom portions can traveller, was born in Annan, Dumof land were assigned, during pleasure or friesshire, in 1788. After some elementary on short leases, and whose descendants instruction in practical mathematics, he were generally merged in the second was bound apprentice, at the age of 13, to class, or commoners, by the resumption the owner of a vessel trading between of the land. The taksman usually had Liverpool and North America, in which a subdivision of the clan under him, of he made several voyages. He was then which he was chieftain, subject, however, impressed into his Britannic majesty's to the general head of the sept. The ju- service, was soon after made a midshiprisdiction of the chiefs was not very accu- man, served on the American lakes in rately defined, but, as is generally the case 1815, and, in 1816, received the commisin such a state of society, it was necessary sion of lieutenant. Having retired to to consult, in some measure, the opinions Scotland, he became acquainted with of the most influential clansmen, and the doctor Oudney, who was about to emgeneral wishes of the whole body. The bark for Africa, and requested permission rebellions of 1715 and 1745 induced the to accompany him. Lieutenant (since English government to break up the con- colonel) Denham having volunteered his nexion which subsisted between the chiefs services, and it being intended that reand the clansmen. The hereditary juris- searches should be made, to the east and diction of the chiefs was, therefore, abol- west, from Bornou, where doctor Oudney ished, the people disarmed, and even was to reside as British consul, his name compelled to relinquish their national was added to the expedition by lord Badress; and but few traces of this institu- thurst. In the Recent Discoveries in Aftion now remain. (See Mrs. Grant's Su rica, made in 1823 and 1824, by Major perstitions of the Highlanders.)

Denham, Captain Clapperton and Doctor CLAP, Thomas, president of Yale col- Uudney (London, 1826), we have aclege, was born at Scituate, Massachusetts, counts of an excursion from Mourzouk to June 26, 1703. He was graduated at Ghraat, a town of the Tuarics, by doctor Harvard college in 1722, and afterwards Oudney; of a journey across the desert commenced the study of divinity. For his to Bornou, of various expeditions to the acquisitions in this and in various other southward and eastward, by major Denbranches of knowledge, particularly math- ham; and of an excursion through Souematics, astronomy, natural and moral dan to the capital of the Fellatahs, by philosophy, history, the civil and canon captain Clapperton. The expedition set law, he was much distinguished, and pos- out from Mourzouk Nov. 20, 1822, and

treason

had now less regard for an able minister CLARIFICATION, or the separation of the than for the instruments of his prodigality. insoluble particles that prevent a liquid The duke of Buckingham, moreover, was from being transparent, may be performed continually laboring to make the chancel- by depuration, filtration or coagulation. In lor ridiculous in the eyes of the king, and the first of these operations, the liquid is his station as prime minister made the permitted to subside, without being in the nation regard him as answerable for all least disturbed, until all the particles which the faults of the administration. The ill were in suspension are precipitated; it is success of the war against Holland, the then decanted. This mode of clarification sale of Dunkirk, and other events, excited can only be used when the substance on public indignation. The king's displeas- which we operate is in a large quantity, ure was changed into hatred, when he or is of a nature not to be altered during saw his plan of repudiating his wife, and the time necessary to complete this operamarrying the beautiful lady Stuart, de- tion, and finally when its specific gravity feated by Clarendon, who effected a mar- is less than that of the particles which riage between this lady and the duke of render it turbid. Filtration is a process Richmond. The king deprived him of by which a liquid is strained through a his offices, and an impeachment for high body, the interstices of which are small

was commenced against him. enough to stop the solid particles conClarendon fled, and sent his apology from tained in it. Filters of wool

, linen, paper, Calais to the house of lords. Both houses powdered glass, sand or charcoal, may be ordered this writing to be burnt by the used, according as the liquid is more or common hangman, and Clarendon was less dense, or of a nature to operate upon banished forever. The hatred of the na- any one of these bodies. Finally, clarifition pursued him even to the continent. cation by coagulation is performed with At Èvreux, he was attacked by some the assistance of albumen contained in English sailors, dangerously wounded, and the liquid, or some is added to it for this with difficulty rescued from their hands. purpose, which, by the action of caloric, He lived six years at Montpellier, Moulins of acids, &c. becomes solid, forms a mass, and Rouen, at which latter place he died, and precipitates the extraneous substances. Dec., 1674. His remains were afterwards The white of eggs is generally used for carried to England, and buried in West- this purpose. minster abbey.--Lord Clarendon, as long CLARINET. A wind instrument of the as he was minister, was the friend and reed kind, the scale of which, though it supporter of the king against the factious, includes every semitone within its exand the defender of his country's freedom tremes, is virtually defective. Its lowest against the abuse of the royal power. In- note E below the F cliff, from which it gratitude and prejudice the more easily is capable, in the hands of good performruined him, as his stern and proud char- ers, of ascending more than three octaves. acter prevented his gaining affection. Its powers, through this compass, are not Among his many writings, the most im- every where equal; the player, therefore, portant is the History of the Rebellion, has not a free choice in his keys, being from 1641 down to the Restoration of generally confined to those of C and F, Charles II. It is a very able work, although which, indeed, are the only keys in which not free from prejudices. To this was the clarinet is heard to advantage. The added, in 1759, his Life and a Continuamusic for this instrument is therefore tion of his History.

usually written in those keys. There are, CLARET. (See Bordelars Wines.) however, B flat clarinets, A clarinets, D

CLARICHORD, or CLAVICHORD. A keyed clarinets, B clarinets, and G clarinets: the instrument, now out of use, somewhat in three latter are scarcely ever used in the form of a spinet, and the strings of England. which are supported by five bridges. ČLARK, John; an industrious critic and One distinction in the clarichord is, that classical commentator, who published the strings are covered with pieces of many useful works on education. He cloth, which render the sound sweeter, was the master of a grammar-school at and, at the same time, deaden it, so as to Hull, in Yorkshire, where he died in May, prevent its being heard at any considera- 1734. Among his publications are an Inble distance. On this account, it was for- troduction to making Latin, and editions merly much used by the nuns, who could of several Latin authors, with English practise on it without disturbing the dor- translations. initory. It is sometimes called the dumb CLARKE, Edward Daniel, LL. D.; a spinet.

celebrated traveller of our own times, pro

a

fessor of mineralogy at Cambridge, which versity Library, Cambridge (8vo., 1809); university he enriched with the fruits of Travels in various Countries of Europe, his researches in foreign countries. He Asia and Africa, Part I, containing Ruswas the second son of the reverend Ed- sia, Tartary and Turkey (4to., 1810); Part ward Clarke, author of Letters on the II, containing Greece, Egypt and the Spanish Nation, and various minor works, Holy Land (Section 1st, 4to., 1812; Secand was born in 1767. He received his tion 2d, 1814); and some other works. education at Jesus college, Cambridge, of Doctor Clarke died March 9, 1821. Afwhich society he became a fellow, having ter his death, a volume was published, taken the degree of A. M. in 1794. Soon containing his Travels through Denmark, after, he accompanied lord Berwick to Sweden, Lapland, Norway, Finland and Italy, and, in 1799, set out with Mr. Russia (London, 1823, 4to.). A complete Cripps, on an extensive and laborious tour edition of his works appeared, in 11 volthrough Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Fin- umes, in 4to. and 8vo. (London, 1819– land, Russia, Tartary, Circassia, Asia Minor, 24), under the title of Travels in various Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Tur- Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. key, returning, in 1802, through Germany CLARKE, Samuel, DD., a celebrated and France. On his return, he obtained, theological and philosophical writer, was from the university to which he belonged, born at Norwich, England, in the year the honorary degree of LL. D., as a dis- 1675, of which city his father was an tinguished mark of its approbation, and alderman. He was educated at Caius in consideration of the services rendered college, Cambridge. Whilst at the unito its public libraries and institutions byversity, he diligently cultivated a knowlhis liberal contributions, among which the edge of the Scriptures, in the original langreatest, perhaps, in value, is the celebrat- guages, and, before the age of 21, had ed manuscript of Plato's works, with largely contributed to diffuse the Newtonearly 100 others, and a colossal statue of nian system. Being of opinion that the the Eleusinian Ceres. To him also the vehicle of an established work, like that of British nation is indebted for the acquisi- Rohault, would be most convenient for tion of the famous sarcophagus of Alex- the gradual introduction of true philosoander the Great, which he discovered in phy, he translated that author's Physics the possession of the French troops in for the use of young students, whom he Egypt, and was the means of its being thereby familiarized with the language surrendered to the English army. In and reasonings of Newton. On entering 1806, he commenced a course of lectures into orders, he became chaplain to Moore, on mineralogy, having brought a splendid bishop of Norwich, and first became an collection of specimens to Europe ; and, author in his own profession in 1699, in 1808, a professorship being founded when he published Three practical Essays purposely for the encouragement of that upon Baptism, Confirmation and Repentbranch of knowledge, he was elevated to ance. This work was followed by Rethe chair. A valuable collection of plants flections on a Book called Amyntor, by and medals proved, also, at once the cor- Toland, relating to the authenticity of rectness of his taste and the extent of his writings not received into the canon of industry; while a curious model of mount Scripture. In 1701, he published his Vesuvius, constructed by him, with the Paraphrase on the Four Gospels, and, assistance of an Italian artist, from the about the same time, received two small materials of the mountain it represents, livings in and near Norwich. In 1704, attests his great ingenuity. This piece of he was appointed to preach the sermon at art is now in the possession of lord Ber- Boyle's lecture, when he chose for his wick. Doctor Clarke published Testimo- subject the Being and Attributes of God, ny of different Authors respecting the and gave so much satisfaction that he was colossal Statue of Ceres, placed in the appointed to the same office the next year, Vestibule of the Public Library at Cam- when he delivered a course of sermons bridge, with an account of its removal on Evidences of Natural and Revealed from Eleusis (8vo., 1801—1803); The Religion. These sermons exceedingly Tomb of Alexander, a Dissertation on raised the author's reputation as a close the Sarcophagus brought from Alexan- and acute reasoner, although his argudria, and now in the British Museum ment a priori, for the existence of a God, (4to., 1805); A Description of the Greek was, by Pope and others, deemed too Marbles brought from the Shores of the subtle and metaphysical. He, however, Euxine, Archipelago and Mediterranean, employed it only in opposition to Hobbes, and deposited in the Vestibule of the Uni- Spinoza, and similar reasoners, who could