A world history of art

ContentsPreface ix Introduction 2Art as Craft 2Systems of Building 3Sculptural Techniques and Materials 3Painting Techniques and Materials 5Print-making 7Photography 9Pictorial Representation 9Perspective 9Color 11Style and Individual Expression 13Context: Function and Meaning 14The Power of Images 16Women Artists 18The History of Art 20 Part OneFoundations of Art Chapter OneBefore History  24Timechart 24The Art of the Hunters 25Map Prehistoric Europe and the Near East 26Cave Art 27Mesolithic Art 33The Art of Farmers 33In context Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town 34Neolithic Architecture 37Stonehenge 38 Chapter TwoThe Early Civilizations 40Timechart 40Mesopotamia 41Sumer 41Map Ancient West Asia 43Akkadian Art 45Ziggurats 46Sources and Documents Gudea’s Dream 47Babylon 48The Indus Valley 49Ancient Egypt 52Predynastic 52Map Ancient Egypt 53Early Dynastic 54Old Kingdom Architecture 55Sources and Documents Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts 58Old Kingdom Sculpture and Painting 59Middle Kingdom 63The Aegean 65Map The Ancient Aegean 65Minoan Crete 66Mycenae and the Mainland 71In Context The Homeric World 74China 75Shang Dynasty 75Map Ancient China 76 Chapter ThreeDevelopments Across the Continents  80The Hittites 80Timechart 80The Discovery of Iron 82Map Anatolia, Syria and Mesopotamia 83The New Kingdom in Ancient Egypt 83Sources and Documents Thutmose Instructs his Vizier 85In Context Hatshepsut: Women in Ancient Egypt 86New Kingdom Architecture 88Akhenaten 90Ramesside Art 93Assyria and Babylon 95Narrative Relief 98Babylon 100Iran 102Achaemenid Art 102Persepolis 104Zhou China 106The Americas 109Map Ancient Mesoamerica 109The Olmecs 110Peru 111Map Ancient Peru 112In Context Chavín de Huántar: Religion and Society, in Ancient Peru 113Africa: Nok Culture 115 Chapter FourThe Greeks and Their Neighbours  116Timechart 116Archaic Greece 117Map Ancient Greece 118The Male Nude 121The Polis 125The Classical Period 126The Parthenon 126Sources and Documents Pausanias on the Parthenon 128In Context The Delphi Charioteer: Ancient Greek Religion and Athletics 134Naturalism and Idealization 138Concepts The Ideal: Idealism, Proportion and the `Canon’ 139Vase Painting 143Stelae 145The Late Classical Period 146Barbarian Alternatives: Scythians and the Animal Style 149Urban Development Organic Growth and Urban Planning from Jericho to Athens 150Hallstatt and La Tène 154Iberia and Sardinia 156The Etruscans 157Sources and Documents Pliny on Etruscan Sculpture 161 Chapter FiveHellenistic and Roman Art  165Timechart 165Map Etruscan and Roman Italy 167The Hellenistic Period 167Plato, Aristotle and the Arts 169Allegory 173Hellenistic Architecture 175Hellenistic and Roman Painting and Mosaics 178In Context Roman Luxury: Silver and Cameo Glass 179Sources and Documents Vitruvius on Roman Painting 183Roman Architecture 185Domestic Architecture 186Temples and Public Works 187Urban Development The Roman City: From the Republic to the Late Empire 188The Colosseum and the Invention of Concrete 191The Pantheon 193Roman Sculpture 195Towards a Definition of Roman Art 196In Context Family Piety: The Roman Portrait Bust 200Late Antique Art 207 Part TwoArt and the World Religions Chapter SixBuddhism, Hinduism and the Arts of South and East Asia  216Timechart 216Buddhist Art in India 219Map India 219In Context The Life of the Buddha: Scriptures and Images 222The Image of Buddha 224Hindu Art in India 230Concepts The Divine: From Apollo to Vishnu 233In Context Ellora: An Architect—Sculptor’s Summit 237Sources and Documents Konarak Temple Building Accounts 238Buddhist and Hindu Art in Sri Lanka and Java 244Map South-East Asia 244Buddhist and Hindu Art on the South-east Asian Mainland 249Confucian, Daoist and Buddhist Art in China 255Han Dynasty 255In Context Confucius: Han Relief Carving 258Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties 265Song Dynasty 268Landscape Painting 272Shinto and Buddhist Art in Japan 277Sources and Documents The Nihongi on the First Buddhist Images in Japan 279The Heian, Fujiwara and Kamakura Periods (794—1333) 282Sources and Documents Lady Murasaki on Calligraphy 285 Chapter SevenEarly Christian and Byzantine Art  288Timechart 288The Beginnings of Christian Art 289In Context The Catacombs: Early Christian Art 292From Domus Ecclesiae to the Christian Basilica 294The Image of Christ 297Sources and Documents Agnellus on S Apollinare Nuovo 300Ravenna 303Byzantine Art 306Ecclesiastical Architecture 306Map The Byzantine World 307Hagia Sophia 307Urban Development Constantinople: The Creation of a Christian Imperial Capital City 308The Classical Tradition 313Icons and Iconoclasts 315The Triumph of Orthodoxy 316In Context The Virgin: The First Images 318Christian Art in Northern Europe 320Interlace and Illumination 322Christian Art in Western Europe 324The Carolingian Renovatio 326Sources and Documents Einhard on the Palatine Chapel 327In Context Monasticism: East and West 328Developments in Christian Imagery 329 Chapter EightEarly Islamic Art  333Timechart 333Map The Islamic World 334Umayyad Art and Architecture 336Sources and Documents The Byzantine Ambassadors Visit Baghdad 341Abbasid Art and Architecture 342Islamic Spain 345Samanid and Seljuk Architecture 348Islamic Decoration 349In Context The Madrasa: Architecture for Education 350 Part ThreeSacred and Secular Art Chapter NineMedieval Christendom 356Timechart 356Map Western Europe and the Middle Ages 358Ottonian Art 359Romanesque Architecture in Italy 362Romanesque Art and Architecture in Northern Europe 366Innovations in Romanesque Architecture 373Gothic Art and Architecture 375Sources and Documents Abbot Suger Finds Columns and Beams for St-Denis 376In Context The Gothic Cathedral: The New Jerusalem 378High Gothic 380Stained Glass and Flying Buttresses 381Urban Development Medieval Towns: Commercial Prosperity and Civic Pride 382Economics and Theology 387Sources and Documents Abbot Haymo and the `Cult of the Carts’ at Chartres 387Sculpture and Painting 388English and German Gothic 391Sources and Documents Piers Plowman on Stained Glass and Opus Anglicanum 392Italian Gothic 393In Context St Francis and St Clare 396Giotto 403Sources and Documents The Monks in Padua Complain about the Scrovegni Chapel 405Secular and International Gothic 408 Chapter TenThe Fifteenth Century in Europe 416Timechart 416The Beginnings of the Italian Renaissance 417Map Renaissance Italy 418Brunelleschi 418Masaccio 420`Progress’ in Sculpture 421A New Style in Flanders 424Van Eyck and van der Weyden 424In Context The Ghent Altarpiece: Jan van Eyck and his Patrons 426Sources and Documents Bartolommeo Fazio on Jan van Eyck 430Architecture in Italy 430Alberti 431Sculpture in Italy 433Donatello 433New Departures 434Italian Painting and the Church 438Fra Angelico, Uccello and Piero della Francesca 439Sources and Documents Filippino Lippi and Filippo Strozzi: Financial and other Problems over the Strozzi Chapel 441Secular Painting 443Botticelli 445The Venetian Synthesis 449Mantegna and Bellini 449International Humanism 453Dürer 453In Context Bellini and Carpaccio: Corporate Patronage in Renaissance Venice 454 Chapter ElevenThe Sixteenth Century in Europe 457Timechart 457Reform and Early Sixteenth-century Art in the North 458Hieronymus Bosch 460Grünewald 461Protestant Art 463The High Renaissance in Italy 466Leonardo da Vinci 466Harmony, Unity and Raphael 469In Context Bramante’s Tempietto: Alberti, Leonardo and the Ideal Renaissance Church 472Michelangelo 474Sources and Documents Michelangelo’s David: Contract and Installation 475The Venetian High Renaissance 485Urban Development Renaissance Urbanism: The Rome of Sixtus V 486Giorgione 488Titian 489Tintoretto and Veronese 492Sansovino, Palladio and the Laws of Harmony 493Sources and Documents Veronese’s Interrogation by the Inquisition 494Mannerism and Mannerisms 497Correggio and Mannerist `Licence’ 497Pieter Bruegel the Elder 502El Greco 503In Context Pieter Bruegel’s Months: Patronage in Flanders 504 Chapter TwelveThe Americas, Africa and Asia 507Timechart 507Mesoamerica and Peru 508Map Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica 509The Maya, Toltecs and Mixtecs 510The Incas 516The Aztecs 517Sources and Documents Cortés and Dürer on Mexico and Montezuma’s Treasure 517Africa 519Map Africa 519Sources and Documents Dapper on Benin 523The Islamic World 524Ottoman Architecture 528Safavid Art and Architecture 529Urban Development Isfahan and Samarkand: Islamic Urban Design 534Mughal Art and Architecture 536In Context Nur-Jahan and Jahangir: Art at the Mughal Court 540Sources and Documents Domingo Paes on Vijayanagar 544China 545The Yuan Dynasty 545The Ming Dynasty 549Sources and Documents Dong Quichang on Painting: The Study of Nature and Old Masters 555Japan — Kamakura to Edo 556Map Japan 557The Influence of Zen Buddhism 558In Context Namban Screens: The Japanese Encounter with Europeans 562 Chapter ThirteenThe Seventeenth Century in Europe 567Timechart 567New Beginnings in Rome 568concepts Nature, Imitation and Invention: The Formation of Academic Theory 570Baroque Art and Architecture 571Rubens and van Dyck 572In Context The Jesuit Missions: Evangelization and Colonization 576The Easel Painting in Italy 578Bernini 580Borromini 583Poussin and Claude 585Velásquez 588Sources and Documents Pacheco on Art in the Service of Religion 590Dutch Painting 591Hals 591Rembrandt 592Landscape 595In Context Rembrandt’s `Hundred-guilder Print’: The Development of Graphic Processes 596Still Life and Genre 600Vermeer 602England and France 603 Chapter FourteenEnlightenment and Liberty 607Timechart 607French Rococo Art 608Watteau, de Troy and the Rococo Interior 609Boucher, Chardin and Fragonard 612Sources and Documents Diderot on Boucher, Greuze and Chardin 612In Context Fragonard and Greuze: Sex Objects and Virtuous Mothers 614The Rococo in Germany and Italy 616Tiepolo, Guardi and Canaletto 619English Sense and Sensibility 622Hogarth and Gainsborough 622Landscape and Classicism 623Neo-Classicism, or the `True Style’ 627Sources and Documents Washington and Jefferson: Antique versus Modern Dress 629Canova and David 630 Part FourThe Making of the Modern World Chapter FifteenRomanticism to Realism 636Timechart 636Urban Development Factories and Public Parks: Owen, Nash and Olmsted 638Romanticism 640The Heirs of David 642Goya 644Géricault 646Ingres 647Delacroix 648Sources and Documents Heine on Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People 651Romanticism and Philosophy 651Friedrich 651Blake 652Romantic Landscape Painting 653Constable 653Turner 654In Context Turner’s Slave Ship: Images of Slavery 656Corot and the Etude 658Photography 659In which Style should We Build? 662Sources and Documents Pugin on the Principles of Christian Architecture 664Historicism and Realism 665The Pre-Raphaelites 666Courbet 666Concepts Art for Art’s Sake: Aestheticism versus Realism 668Millet 669Manet 670Sources and Documents Baudelaire: `What is the good of criticism?’ 670The USA 674In Context Caleb Bingham’s Fur Traders: Art and the Frontier 678Photography comes of Age 681 Chapter SixteenEastern Traditions 686Timechart 686Qing-dynasty China 687In Context Wang Hui and Others, Portrait of An Qi: Painters and Patrons under the Qing Dynasty 689Architecture and the Decorative Arts 690Japan in the Edo Period 693Hokusai and Hiroshige 695Sources and Documents Hokusai and Frank Lloyd Wright on the Japanese Print 698 Chapter SeventeenImpressionism to Post-Impressionism 700Timechart 700Impressionism 701Monet 704Sources and Documents Laforgue on Impressionism 705Morisot, Renoir and Manet 705In Context Degas and Manet: City Lights and the Exploitation of Women 708Degas 710Japonisme 712Neo-Impressionism 715Seurat, Divisionism and Socialism 715Symbolism 717Gaugin and van Gogh 718Allegories of Modern Life: Munch and Rodin 720Art Nouveau and the New Architecture 723Sullivan and the Skyscraper 725In Context The Crystal Palace and the Statue of Liberty: Metal and New Building Methods 726Domestic Architecture 728Cézanne 729Sources and Documents Cézanne to Emile Bernard 730 Chapter EighteenIndigenous Arts of Africa, the Americas, Australia and Oceania 734Timechart 734Oceania 736Map Oceania 736Polynesia 736Sources and Documents Captain Cook and the Arts of the Pacific 739Melanesia and Micronesia 742Australia 744The North American North-West Coast 746In Context A Shaman’s Mask: Art and the Supernatural 748The Plains and the Arid Lands of North America 750Africa 752In Context A Complex Legacy: The European Presence in African Art 756Part FiveTwentieth-Century Art and Beyond Chapter NineteenArt from 1900 to 1919 768Timechart 768New Ways of Looking 769In Context Picasso’s Demoiselles: Anarchism, Colonialism and Art as Exorcism 772The Fauves and Expressionism 774Matisse 775The German Expressionists 776Kandinsky 779Sources and Documents Kandinsky on Color 780Marc 781Cubism 782Picasso and Braque: Analytical and Synthetic Cubism 782Sources and Documents Braque and Picasso on Cubism 785Orphic Cubism 789Futurism 790Abstract or Non-Objective Art 793Suprematism and the Founding of De Stijl 793Architecture 795Frank Lloyd Wright 795 Chapter TwentyBetween the Two World Wars 798Timechart 798Dada and Surrealism 799Duchamp 800America and the Precisionist View 803Diego Rivera and the Mexican Muralists 805In Context Orozco, Rivera and Siqueiros: Art and Politics 806Breton, de Chirico and Ernst 808Sources and Documents Louis Aragon, Max Ernst and Others Issue a Surrealist Declaration 809Dali, Magritte and Miró 810Welded Metal: A Revolution in Sculpture 813Photography and Modern Movements 815Sources and Documents Walter Benjamin on Photography 815Constructivism, De Stijl and the International Style 819Art and Revolution 819The Bauhaus 821Sources and Documents Walter Gropius on the Bauhaus 821Mondrian 823Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe 825Urban Development Cities of the Future: Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright 826Brancusi and Moore 828Art Deco 830 Chapter Twenty-OnePost-War to Post-Modern 832Timechart 832Abstract Expressionism 833Pollock and de Kooning 835Still, Rothko and Neuman 837European Survivors 840Post-Painterly Abstraction 841Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg 843concepts Modernism and Formalism 844Pop Art 845Photographic Imagery 848Minimal Art 851Conceptual Art 853Arte Povera 855Body Art and Process Art 857Earth and Land Art 858Photo-Realism and New Image Painting 861Modernism and Post-Modernism 865 Chapter Twenty-TwoInto the Third Millennium 870Timechart 870Questioning Modernism 872Neo-Expressionism 877Art as Identity 883Post-Modern Multiculturalism 888Video and the Post-MediumCondition  895Photography and the Construction of Reality 899Abjection 904Function and Value 907Function and ValueThe New Museums of Art908Urban Development Berlin and its International Building Exhibitions 912Art After Postmodernism 914Globalization, Sensationand Spectacle 921The Turn of the Millennium 928  Glossary For Further Reading Index Picture Credits